The beauty of the Univariate GLM procedure in SPSS is that it is so flexible. You can use it to analyze regressions, ANOVAs, ANCOVAs with all sorts of interactions, dummy coding, etc.
The down side of this flexibility is it is often confusing what to put where and what it all means.
So here's a quick breakdown.
The dependent variable I hope is pretty straightforward. Put in your continuous dependent variable.
Fixed Factors are categorical independent variables. It does not matter if the variable is something you manipulated or something you are controlling for. If it's categorical, it goes in Fixed Factors.
Now, you can put a categorical variable into Covariates, as long as it's coded properly--dummy or effect coding are common. What you don't want to do though, is to put a variable coded 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 for the 6 categories into Covariates. SPSS will think those values are real numbers, and will fit a regression line.
There are a few things you should know about putting a categorical variable into Fixed Factors.
1. You don't have to create dummy variables for a regression or ANCOVA. SPSS does that for you by default.
2. The default is for SPSS to create interactions among all fixed factors. So if you have 5 fixed factors and don't want to test 5-way interactions that you'll never be able to interpret, you'll need to create a custom model by clicking Model and removing some of the interactions.
3. For any Fixed Factor, you can get marginal means (means adjusted for by other variables in the model) by clicking options. These are generally easier to interpret than the parameter estimates for categorical variables. Especially if you don't have any continuous predictors in your model, it is much easier to interpret means than parameter estimates.
4. You can also get paired comparison tests for any Fixed Factors by clicking Post Hocs. You can't get them for Covariates.
5. The default in SPSS is to dummy code any Fixed Factors for the Regression Parameter Estimates Table (which will only be output if you click Options-->Parameter Estimates).
Furthermore, the default is to make the reference category the one that comes last alphabetically. So if your categories (what you typed into the data) are Male and Female, Male will be the default reference. Remember higher numbers come later alphabetically, so if you had coded your categories 0 and 1, SPSS will make 1 the reference group! This can create a lot of confusion, so you can change the default by choosing Contrast and making the reference group First. If you want a category in the middle to be the reference group, your only choice is to recode the variable so that that category comes last alphabetically.
Most of the time, you won't use Random Factors. Rather than calculating means for each category, as is done with Fixed Factors, SPSS calculates only a single variance for Random Factors. So if you want to compare the means, use Fixed Factors. In fact, if you have Random Factors, you should generally be using the Mixed procedure, which uses better algorithms for estimating effects of Random Factors.
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© 2008 Karen Grace-Martin--Statistical Consultant and founder of The Analysis Factor
Karen Grace-Martin has helped social science researchers practice statistics for 9 years, as a statistical consultant at Cornell University and in her own business. She knows the kinds of resources and support that researchers need to practice statistics confidently, accurately, and efficiently, no matter what their statistical background. To answer your questions, receive advice, and view a list of resources to help you learn and apply appropriate statistics to your data, visit http://www.analysisfactor.com
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